I is for “IRA” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet Game (New IRA Exemption )

is for “IRA” (and 401k’s) in Bankruptcy. How they can help (or hurt) you.

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

The 2005 amendments to the U.S. Bankruptcy Code added a broad new category of property that may be excluded from bankruptcy to the extent that such funds are deposited by the debtor in a tax exempt fund. As part of an overall initiative by Congress to expand the bankruptcy protection of tax exempt investment vehicles, one can now exempt up to one million dollars in an IRA account and such amount may be increased “if the interests of justice so require”.

Section 522 (d) 12 of the Bankruptcy Code states, in pertinent part:

For assets in individual retirement accounts described in section 408 or 408A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, other than a simplified employee pension under section 408(k) of such Code or a simple retirement account under section 408(p) of such Code, the aggregate value of such assets exempted under this section, without regard to amounts attributable to rollover contributions under section 402(c), 402(e)(6), 403(a)(4), 403(a)(5), and 403(b)(8) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and earnings thereon, shall not exceed $1,000,000 in a case filed by a debtor who is an individual, except that such amount may be increased if the interests of justice so require.

This new provision of the Bankruptcy Code is important for asset protection and planning purposes. An IRA (other than a “sep” pension or “simple” account) can now be used to shelter funds that would otherwise not be exempt under a state or federal exemption and could thus be eligible for distribution to creditors. Such funds would simply be contributed by the debtor (from say a non-qualified savings account or a tax refund) to a qualified plan, up to the annual aggregate limit imposed by law (for 2011: $5,000 if under 50 years of age and $6,000 if over 50), on or before the date of the bankruptcy filing.

It is important to note as well that this protective coverage is afforded not only for money in qualified funds but also to rollovers from a plan so long as the distribution is again deposited into a qualified plan within sixty days. Thus, perhaps as an unintended byproduct of the rollover provisions, individuals can make emergency IRA withdrawals to meet very short term needs but this strategy should only be pursued in situations where the funds withdrawn are certain to again become available before the sixty day deadline (from say an income tax refund or maturing CD). Otherwise, there will be a “double whammy” effect: not only will such withdrawn funds then be taxable income to the debtor (who may possibly be assessed IRS penalties as well) but the shelter from creditors in bankruptcy discussed above would not be available.

We have talked a lot about IRA’s but what about the employer sponsured plans, the 401k? Well there are advantages for the debtor here as well: The law allows you to pay your creditors and still can save for your retirement. In fact, the more you puy into the plan subject to plan limitations, the less you have to pay them.

When you file a Chapter 13 you can reduce income on both schedule I and on the means test by the amount you contribute to qualified retirement plans. In general this means payroll deductions for both 401k contributions and loan payments. Your plan payment can be unacceptably high, if you are in an excess income situation. But if you max out your contribution, this will result in a dollar for dollar reduction in your plan payment. That is, iyou have the opportunity to turn the tables: instead of making a high monthly payment to your unsecured creditors and a correspondingly lower retirement contribution, you are minimizing the amount they receive by providing for the future of you and your family. What could be better than that?

Law Offices of Christopher C. Carr, MBA, P.C., is a quality bankruptcy and debt relief practice, located in Valley Township, west of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where Attorney Christopher Carr, a Chester County bankruptcy attorney, who has over 30 years if diversified ;egal experience, concentrates on serving the residents of and businesses located within Western Chester County and Eastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, including the communities in and around Atglen, Bird in Hand, Caln, Christiana, Coatesville, Downingtown, Eagle, Exton, Fallowfield Gap, Honeybrook, Lancaster, Lincoln University, Modena, New Holland, Parkesburg, Paradise, Ronks, Sadsbury, Thorndale, Valley Township, Wagontown & West Chester, Pennsylvania. If you reside or do business in the area and need assistance with a legal issue, please call Mr. Carr at (610)380-7969 or write him at cccarresq@aol.com today!

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

Other lawyers in the bankruptcy alphabet game:

Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska Bankruptcy Attorney, Ryan D. Caldwell: I is for involuntary petition too.

New York Bankruptcy Lawyer, Jay S. Fleischman : I is for Income.

Marin County Bankruptcy Attorney, Catherine Eranthe claims I is for Income as well.

Northern California Bankruptcy Lawyer, Cathy Moran: I is for IRS.

Colorado Springs Bankruptcy Attorney Bob Doig: I is for In Forma Pauperis (he speaks Latin).

Big Island Bankruptcy Attorney, Stuart T. Ing: I is for Independent Contractor.

Michigan Bankruptcy Lawyer, Christopher McAvoy:I is for income Tax Refunds.

Los Angeles Bankruptcy Attorney, Mark J. Markus: I is for Insiders.

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The H in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Honesty” and Fraud Avoidance.

Dec20

is for Honesty

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

Every potential bankruptcy client needs to understand that it is in his/her best interest to be entirely honest in their dealings with their lawyer, the trustee and the courts. Not only may the debtor harm themself by failing to disclose material information but they may also potentially face severe criminal penalties.[1] The United States bankruptcy laws require the debtor to disclose all income and assets to the bankruptcy court and the court is empowered under applicable federal statutes to uphold the integrity of the system and the participants in it. The theory and practice of these disclosures, is that if accurate and complete, the bankruptcy trustee and the court are able to determine what, if anything, the debtor can afford to repay to the creditors.

The bankruptcy disclosure form which every debtor is required to sign WARNS as follows:

Bankruptcy Crimes and Availability of Bankruptcy Papers to Law Enforcement Officials

A person who knowingly and fraudulently conceals assets or makes a false oath or statement under penalty of perjury, either orally or in writing, in connection with a bankruptcy case is subject to a fine, imprisonment, or both. All information supplied by a debtor in connection with a bankruptcy case is subject to examination by the Attorney General acting through the Office of the United States Trustee, the Office of the United States Attorney, and other components and employees of the Department of Justice.

WARNING: Section 521(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code requires that you promptly file detailed information regarding your creditors, assets, liabilities, income, expenses and general financial condition. Your bankruptcy case may be dismissed if this information is not filed with the court within the time deadlines set by the Bankruptcy Code, the Bankruptcy Rules, and the local rules of the court. [2]

Oftentimes the debtor will unintentionally hurt their case by “shading” the truth based upon an inaccurate understanding of the bankruptcy laws. For example, a debt may not be listed on the petition because the debtor does not wish to reveal it. However, a debt that is not disclosed cannot be discharged in bankruptcy.

One of the great unfounded fears in all of bankruptcy is that the debtor will “lose all their assets in bankruptcy”. Thus, a debtor may fail to reveal an asset which might have been partially or completely exempt and thus unnecessarily face the complete loss of the asset (see below). There are generous exemptions available for many assets especially under the federal statutes and the laws of states like Pennsylvania where I practice law allow debtors to elect these, instead of the far less generous state exemptions. Other states like Florida have homestead exemptions which allow a debtor domiciled in Florida to completely shield their primary residence.

One article provides the following example of this temptation in action and how the result of yielding to it easily can be detected:

“Because cash is difficult to track down, it may be tempting to pile up as much cash as you can before bankruptcy and then “forget” to include the cash on your financial statement that you file with the bankruptcy court. Be forewarned that the bankruptcy code imposes significant civil and criminal penalties on debtor’s who intentionally provide false information to the bankruptcy court. Because the bankruptcy trustee will have access to all your recent history of earnings, bank statements and other financial records, there is a strong likelihood that the trustee will be able to tell if you have attempted to siphon off cash before filing your bankruptcy petition.”

It is thus essential that the debtor reveal all debts, assets and income sources to the lawyer who can then properly advise the debtor on legal protections and issues. If there is any question for example as to whether an item is an asset, the debtor should disclose it and let the lawyer decide how to properly treat it in the petition. Some writers have indicated that such proactivity can help to show that the debtor did not have the requisite intent to commit bankruptcy fraud.

One consequence of failing to disclose income or assets is that the debtor may be denied a bankruptcy discharge and remain liable for all debts under Section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code. Its provisions permit the court to dismiss the debtor’s case for dishonesty on the bankruptcy schedules, hiding assets, failing to maintain financial records, refusing to turn over records, or refusing to cooperate with the trustee. Not only may the court deny the dishonest or uncooperative debtor a discharge under Section 727 but any assets turned over during the case will still be sold by the bankruptcy trustee so that the debtor loses the property without any concomitant bankruptcy benefits.

As is indicated above, the most serious consequence for the debtor of dubious honesty is the prospect of being charged with criminal bankruptcy fraud. Most bankruptcy fraud first comes to the attention of the bankruptcy trustee during the course of the bankruptcy or as a result of “whistle blowing” by neighbors, creditors, or ex-spouses. The IRS under the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation’s Bankruptcy Fraud Program and the US Trustee are the most active in investigating fraud. The Department of Justice Trustee Program encourages individuals to report bankruptcy fraud to the US Department of Justice for further potentially criminal action. The IRS also maintains a whistle blower award program.

The IRS appears to use the Bankruptcy Fraud Program to make examples of egregious miscreants, especially where a case also involves tax fraud or evasion, and consequently has an extremely high conviction rate. For example in 2011, 83% of those who had been charged with bankruptcy fraud are now serving time. In virtually all these cases, the individual was also required to make substantial financial restitution and also were required to serve a period of supervised release.

In addition, just because your bankruptcy is discharged, don’t think that you are off the hook. Individuals who file for relief under Chapter 7
or Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code are subject to audits by the U.S. Trustee. For further information visit the U.S. Trustee site.

The moral of the story? You are filing bankruptcy to get a fresh start. You have little to fear and everything to gain from the process if you are honest and adopt a policy of full disclosure.

Law Offices of Christopher C. Carr, MBA, P.C., is a quality Chester County Bankruptcy Practice, located in Valley Township, west of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where Attorney Carr, who has over 30 years if diversified experience as an attorney, concentrates his practice on serving the residents of and businesses located within Western Chester County and Eastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, including the communities in and around Atglen, Bird in Hand, Caln, Christiana, Coatesville, Downingtown, Eagle, Exton, Fallowfield Gap, Honeybrook, Lancaster, Lincoln University, Modena, New Holland, Parkesburg, Paradise, Ronks, Sadsbury, Thorndale, Valley Township, Wagontown & West Chester, Pennsylvania. If you reside or do business in the area and need assistance with a legal issue, please call Mr. Carr at (610)380-7969 or write him at cccarresq@aol.com today!

[1] The criminal sanctions can include sentence of up to five years in prison and fines up to $250,000.

[2] Source

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

For other articles in the nationwide bankruptcy ABC’s series check out these attorneys:

Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska Bankruptcy Attorney, Ryan D. Caldwell: H is for Hearing.
New York Bankruptcy Lawyer, Jay S. Fleischman: H is for Household.
Northern California Bankruptcy Lawyer, Cathy Moran: H is for House, no not the doctor.
Colorado Springs Bankruptcy Lawyer Bob Doig: H is for Homestead.
Los Angeles Bankruptcy Attorney, Mark J. Markus: H is for House
Hilo Bankruptcy Attorney, Stuart T. Ing: H is for Household Size.
Cleveland and Lorain Count Bankruptcy Attorney, Bill Balena: H is for Honesty

Photo by Arenamountanus

G in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Garnishment”: Will Bankruptcy Help?

Dec18

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

G takomabibelot 2657676353_a57f4042a9_t[1] is for for “Garnishment”: Will Bankruptcy Help? In addition to the obvious monetary loss for the debtor/garnishee, a garnishment can negatively impact employment, because the employer will see that the employee is having credit issues[1] and also is presented with the added administrative burden of complying with periodic court orders. Can you put a stop to it with a bankruptcy?

A. Garnishment For Ordinary Consumer Debt:

In most states, garnishment for ordinary consumer debt is permitted. Most US states allow wage garnishment for consumer debt with the exception of Pennsylvania, South Carolina, North Carolina and Texas (depending upon the debtor’s circumstances).

The automatic stay in bankruptcy (Section 362 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code) is a fundamental consumer protection. It halts most creditor actions against you, including collection proceedings from the moment your case is filed with the bankruptcy court, including wage garnishment for consumer debt. A garnishment of wages is considered a collection proceeding under the bankruptcy code. As a result, a creditor that attempts to garnish wages violates the debtor’s rights to an automatic stay under the Bankruptcy Code.

The automatic stay generally protects you against garnishment until the end of your case whether closed, discharged or denied. If the bankruptcy discharge is granted and the case is closed then the automatic stay becomes permanent in the form of the discharge injunction. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3689006 by Jay Fleishman, Esq.

B. Garnishment For Unpaid Domestic Support:

However, garnishment for is a creature of a different stripe altogether, All US states allow income garnishment for tax arrearages and child support and in some states even spousal support (alimony) may be garnished as well. These are termed domestic support obligations (DSO’s). DSO’s cannot be discharged or modified in either a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy, pursuant to 11 USC. 523(a)(5). However, the impact a bankruptcy will have on support payments differs as between a Chapter 7 or a Chapter 13.

A Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing is useless against the collection, enforcement, or payment of DSO’s. Thus the automatic stay in effect does not exist in a Chapter 7.

However, in contrast, a Chapter 13 proceeding can actually work to protect the debtor against DSO enforcement actions, including wage garnishments, because all property acquired by the debtor is property of the bankruptcy estate. Thus, all actions to collect or enforce DSO’s usually will be halted by the filing of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Support payments may be temporarily stopped until the plan payment details are worked out as well. For more information on DSO’s and how they are impacted by bankruptcy, see my article “D” is for Domestic Support Obligation.

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

Visit the sites of these other lawyers for their pespectives on the letter G:

Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska Bankruptcy Attorney, Ryan D. Caldwell says G is for General Unsecured Creditor.

New York Bankruptcy Lawyer, Jay S. Fleischman who says G is for Garnishment.

Maui Bankruptcy Attorney, Stuart Ing who talks about Garnishment too.

Northern California Bankruptcy Lawyer, Cathy Moran says G is for Guaranty.

Colorado Springs Bankruptcy Attorney Bob Doig says G is for Goals.

Los Angeles bankruptcy attorney, Mark J. Markus says G is for Gifts.

Jacksonville Bankruptcy Attorney, Monica D. Shepard has an article that says G is for Guilt.

Tagged as: Automatic Stay In Bankruptcy, bankruptcy, creditor, debt, Christopher Carr Bankruptcy Lawyer, Philadelphia Bankruptcy Attorney, Philadelphia Bankruptcy Lawyer, stay, garnishment

[1] Nowadays a credit check is routinely done before a job is offered so credit is obviously of heightened concern to employers.

“O” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Options” to Bankruptcy

Dec15

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Website:westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Green O from Dave Q O is for Options or Other Alternatives to/in Bankruptcy.

If you are behind on bills or can’t afford your mortgage payments, filing a consumer bankruptcy is certainly one option to consider. You can read my Rocket Lawyer blog: Filing Bankruptcy: Pros and Cons to learn more about the types of bankruptcies. However, some people do not wish to file bankruptcy for a variety of reasons and there are certainly circumstances under which filing a consumer bankruptcy is NOT advisable. Supra Lawyer lists 7 such reasons. For those clients who cannot or will not declare bankruptcy, there are alternatives not requiring a bankruptcy filing , including:

Debt Settlement (AKA Debt Management): Debt Settlement offers a structured debt repayment plan, whereby you pay only a portion of the original debt. This is not the same as debt consolidation where one big debt simply replaces a lot of little ones. Oftentimes, you pay a budgetable fixed sum every month for from 3-5 years and the servicer uses that fund to settle with the creditors as it builds up. It is important however, to ensure that you are dealing with a reputable organization before “investing” with any such entity. (The FTC has recently revised the Telemarketing Sales Rule to encompass debt settlement companies which will hopefully bring some regulation to this industry.)
Mortgage Modification (including Home Affordable): If you own a home and do not wish or need to file a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy, a mortgage modification may be a better option than bankruptcy as the filing of the HAMP Application will also avoid mortgage foreclosure while in consideration by the Lender. The government is attempting to streamline this process and, as the name implies, make monthly rates far more affordable for those who qualify by requiring banks which took bailout money to offer the Home Affordable Loan (HAMP). Others have joined the program voluntarily seeking to take advantages of the financial incentives being paid by the government. However, the program has been moving very slowly to date because it has been left up to the banks to administer. For those who do not qualify because of income or other reasons or because their bank simply does not offer a HAMP, there are usually conventional programs offered by the lenders, typically with less favorable terms. There are also special programs available for those who have Fannie Mae or Freddy Mac backed loans.
Debt Settlement & Mortgage Modification: a potent combination for the in debt home owner may well be to combine a debt settlement program to reduce unsecured debt with a mortgage modification to reduce monthly mortgage payments, as these in combination can resolve most of the pressing debt issues for many homeowners.
Other Programs: There may be other alternatives for homeowners, especially for those who cannot take advantage of any of the above programs and are willing to enter into a short sale or deed in lieu of foreclosure and exit gracefully from their homes. In addition, there may be short or long term aid available to eligible homeowners at the state or local level, such as the Act 91 (HEMAP) program in Pennsylvania. (Unfotunately, word is that there is no longer funding available under this program which was partially federally funded.)
Bankruptcy as a Last Resort: Properly speaking, bankruptcy is not always a last resort. In fact, consumer bankruptcy can be used by eligible persons not otherwise in need of a “fresh start” to effect such things as stripping off junior mortgages; reducing high auto payments: removing a large debt load or dealing with a significant arrears on a residence. However, it is important to recognize that the eligible debtor who has tried and failed to utilize one or more of the above programs, may still avail themselves of bankruptcy as a last resort, to save their home, car and/or seek protection from their creditors. In addition, in certain circumstances a bankruptcy working in combination with one of the other above options, for example a Chapter 7 bankruptcy in concert with a mortgage modification, may be a potent option. In addition, a debtor who is current on their mortgage payments under most circumstances may exercise the “retain and pay” option to keep their home, under Section 521 (a) (2) of the Bankruptcy Code which remains largely intact after the 2005 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code.

The key point is that each debtor’s situation is unique and deserves special consideration. Further, because the process is hardly ever as smooth as it is supposed to be because of the complexities and pitfalls involved, it is advisable to consult a competent and compassionate attorney who has experience in bankruptcies and/or in negotiating modifications to guide you through the process and help you properly complete the paperwork.

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

The “F” in Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Failure” (and “Fresh Starts” in Bankruptcy)

Dec13

is for Failure and “Fresh Starts” in Bankruptcy {Perhaps also for “Favorite” because of all the articles I have written, this is my favorite”}

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Many people in our culture still believe unfortunately that it is a mortal “sin” to declare bankruptcy; akin to a financial death sentence, to admitting failure as a human being and as a member of the larger economic enterprise. But in fact bankruptcy has been “built into” the US capitalist system since its beginnings with the Bill of Rights because it is essential to the very success of that model, which is in turn based on encouraging individual risk taking.

Being a success is a basic assumption of American life. We are taught almost from birth that at all costs we must be winner! But In fact, it is a harsh irony of life that success is built on trial and error and consequently upon failure. Some companies have even adopted corporate cultures which actually encourage failure so that employees will be willing to take risks and innovate. See Why I Hire People Who Fail.

Our lawmakers from the very founding of our country have been mindful of the necessity to provide this “escape path for risk takers”:

The United States Constitution provides a method whereby individuals, burdened by excessive debt, can obtain a fresh financial start and pursue newly productive lives unimpaired by past financial problems. It is an important alternative for persons mired deep in financial difficulty.

The federal bankruptcy laws were enacted to provide debtors with a fresh start and to establish a ranking and equity among all the creditors who are clamoring for the debtor’s limited resources. Bankruptcy helps people avoid the kind of permanent discouragement that can prevent them from ever reestablishing themselves as hard-working members of society.

Source: Purposes, Benefits and Costs of Bankruptcy Disclosure pursuant to U.S. Code § 527(a)(1) & § 342(b)(1).

Some disagree with this proposition stating based on empirical findings that bankruptcy only helps about 2/3 of all who apply to get a fresh start and that is only because they find a steady income source. See “The Failure of Bankruptcy’s Fresh Start”. But for me, this only proves the point for i.) 2/3 is a pretty high rate of economic “resussitation”, ii) a study design like this just looks at a single point in time, it does not do follow ups to see what percentage ultimately do see improvement in their financial condition and iii.) how do you get people to pull themselves out of the economic mire (see quote above) unless society provides a safety net which is after all what bankruptcy really is? Not everyone will try and of those who do not all will make it but then there are no guarantees in life (or the law).

In my practice I represent many hard working small business people (from screenplay writers to truck stop owners) who are heavily engaged in the capitalist system. And what is capitalism at its core but the willingness of people to take chances in hopes of making money? Someone–a small business venture–comes up with an idea for a business, obtains the financing and other myriad necessary resources to get that business up and running, strives to generate sufficient revenues to cover expenses over time, all in the hopes of making a profit from engaging in the business. At any point things may not work out as expected, causing the business to founder and ultimately sink. Failure lurks in waiting at every corner!

Indeed some historians of note have argued that the American Revolution was in large part fought for debt relief:

The idea that debt is necessary for trade, and is to be forgiven liberally when necessary, is a key driver to the rise of our market economy. Americans fought to provide the same debt relief to everyone because we believe in equality and because bankruptcy protection takes the risk out of risk taking. Our historic willingness as a nation to forgive debt lies behind a good part of our prosperity. One good example is John Pintard, a state legislator and stockbroker, who was one of those who fell for William Duer’s financial scheme, which helped trigger the Panic of 1792, the nation’s first stock-market crash. Pintard ultimately landed in debtors’ prison in Newark. He got out of jail in 1798, and he filed for bankruptcy in New York in 1800. Among his many other post bankruptcy accomplismments, Pintard founded the New-York Historical Society in 1804, and was a founder of the New York Bank for Savings in 1819.

In 1841, Congress passed a sweeping federal bankruptcy law that offered bankruptcy to everyone. Meanwhile, in 1831, the New York State Legislature abolished imprisonment for debt. Other states soon followed. Debtors’ prison was abolished, and bankruptcy law was liberalized, because Americans came to see that most people who fall into debt are victims of the economic cycle or misfortune like Pintard, and not of sloth, greed, or other negative personal attributes.

What would happen if there were no bankruptcy laws, no bankruptcy courts and no chance for people to obtain a fresh start? Would people be as eager to innovate, to take chances and to possibly fail with no safety net to catch them? It is a fundamental premise of the capitalist system that they would not. That is why people who cannot pay their debts should not feel that they are ethically “challenged”, especially in this difficult economy, if they find they must seek the protection from their creditors for which our bankruptcy laws so prudently provide. For, failure is only the first step on the way to a fresh start!

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

More attorneys playing the bankruptcy alphabet game at letter F (HEY GUYS WE ARE 25% OF THE WAY TO Z!!!):

Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska Bankruptcy Attorney, Ryan D. Caldwell: F is for Family Farmer/Fisherman.

New York Bankruptcy Lawyer, Jay S. Fleischman: F is for Future Flow Agreement .

Northern California Bankruptcy Lawyer, Cathy Moran: F is for First .

Kauai Bankruptcy Attorney, Stuart Ing: F is for Foreclosure

Jacksonville, Florida Bankruptcy Attorney, J. Dinkins G. Grange: F is for Forms .

Colorado Springs Bankruptcy Attorney Bob Doig: F is for Foreclosure .

Los Angeles Bankruptcy Attorney, Mark J. Markus: F is for Forgiveness of Debt .

“E” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Eviction”

Dec11

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

“Can I Stay in My Apartment if the Landlord Sues to Evict Me for Back Rent and Wins if I File Bankruptcy?”

Before 2005, the answer was clearly “yes”…a tenant bankruptcy could easily stop an eviction by filing for a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy even after an eviction judgment had been entered against the tenant in state court. Once the tenant filed for bankruptcy, the “automatic stay” prevented all creditors, including landlords, from pursuing the repayment of debt.

But in 2005, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (“BAPCPA”) changed all that. The last three words of the title of the Act (“Consumer Protection Act”) are no more than legislative window dressing as the new provisions relating to evictions found within Title 11 of the United States Code at Sections 362(a)(22), 362(a)(23), 362(l) and 362(m) are some of the harshest changes facing consumers under the new law. The landlord can now evict a tenant if the landlord obtains a court-ordered judgment for possession prior to the tenant filing for bankruptcy. There is no longer an automatic stay to protect the tenant against the landlord unless the narrow exception described below applies.

If the eviction is for the nonpayment of rent, an exception applies if state law allows a tenant to remain in the rental unit and “cure,” or pay the rent, after an eviction judgment. Most states do not however even allow this “pay to stay” (as I will call it for simplicity’s sake) option.

If the tenant in pay to stay a state pays the rent into court and files the certification, on the day that the bankruptcy petition is filed (and serves the certification on the landlord), the tenant gets the benefit of the bankruptcy “automatic stay” but only for a period of thirty days from the date that the bankruptcy petition is filed.

If the tenant wishes to remain in the apartment beyond the initial thirty day reprieve, the tenant will have to satisfy the amount stated in the judgment for possession within thirty days following the filing of the bankruptcy petition and must at the same time file a certification with the bankruptcy court that the tenant has paid this amount (and serve the certification on the landlord). However, even here if the landlord objects to either certification and in court, the tenant must still leave.

The bottom line is that if tenants who are facing eviction in non-pay to stay state due to monetary default are in essence forced by BAPCA to gamble for if they lose in the state court level, they will have no avenue of relief open to them in the bankruptcy court. (In a pay to stay state the gamble is less onerous if the tenant is successful in jumping through the hoops described above.) If on the other hand, they choose to forgo their day in court in favor of the safer route of filing bankruptcy, they are facing considerable expense for the privilege of staying in their apartment.

Additionally, filing bankruptcy destroys credit and thus can make it much more difficult if not impossible to find a new apartment. The better counsel for most tenants facing eviction may be to preserve their credit and their cash and simply find a new home.

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

5 Things You Should Avoid If In Debt

Dec10

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Struggling with too much debt: you’re not alone? The entire nation it seems has a credit card hangover especially after the new year when the bills for all those Christmas Presents start to roll in. For years, credit was easy and many people became overextended. But we now have to “pay the piper”. The advice of the debt experts is to be sure you don’t make your situation worse by making common mistakes.

So let’s talk frankly: Here are 5 strategies you should avoid:

Paying only the minimum amount on your debt as this will result in the amount you owe actually GROWING and your problems will only become worse. Look at some of those credit card statements you get. It’s downright scary! 35 or 50 years to pay off your card at minimum payments! And maybe your cards are maxxed out and you really HAVE no more credit…what good is that? When that happens, it usually is a sign that it is time to get a fresh start!
Relying on friends and relatives to bail you out with loans you probably never can repay as this can permanently damage relationships with the most important people in your life.
Resorting to unscrupulous companies that demand cash upfront or high fees for help they promise, but don’t deliver. You need to do extensive due diligence before ever giving any of these companies a dime.
Using new high-interest loan to pay off lower interest rate loans or doing a debt consolidation– while it may seem easier to just have one payment, this will actually increase the amount you have to pay back over time. Debt consolidation is just that: it just gets you one big bill instead of several smaller ones. What you really may need is Debt Settlement by an attorney, who will work hard to dramatically REDUCE your debt without bankruptcy.
Declaring bankruptcy unless you have consulted with a bankruptcy lawyer and determined that this is the only appropriate choice for you – Bankruptcy can give you a fresh start even can SAVE YOUR HOME, CAR OR APARTMENT but it is NOT for everyone- it can have long term and severe consequences for your financial future. There usually are other alternatives such as debt settlement or a mortgage modification or a combination of tools and techniques which may work for you…

How to select a professional to guide you? The lawyer you select to advise you should be compassionate, versatile and experienced: able to understand each of these alternative tools and techniques, advise you as to which to choose and perform the service(s) you ultimately select with his/her assistance.

I also provide Debt Settlement; IRS Tax Settlement & Mortgage Mod Services NATIONALLY.

“D” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Domestic Support Obligation”

Dec7

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

D 3714930866_ab9db58877_t[1] omestic support obligations (a “DSO”) include bankruptcy, child support and spousal support. Domestic support obligations cannot be discharged or modified in either a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy, pursuant to 11 USC. 523(a)(5). The impact a bankruptcy will have on support payments differs as between a Chapter 7 or a Chapter 13. A Chapter 7 has no effect on the support payments and will not stop the collection, enforcement, or payment of support. Indeed, there is no automatic stay against the enforcement and collection of DSO’s unlike other debts under a Chapter 7. However, because the debtor’s future wages are property of the bankruptcy estate, a Chapter 13 is different. This feature allows the use of a Chapter 13 to catch up on DSO arrears (back support). That is, in a Chapter 13 the debtor’s attorney presents the Trustee in bankruptcy, who represents the creditors, with a plan as to how all of the creditors will be treated. That plan will include how the payment of child or spousal support will be done. DSO’s will have a higher priority for payment than other unsecured debts as DSO’s are classified as priority unsecured debts under the Bankruptcy Code. DSO’s are paid first before other unsecured debt like Visa or Master Card debt.

One of the unfortunate ironies of our country is that while Article 1, Section 8, Clause 4 of our Constitution governing bankruptcies was enacted against the backdrop of the manifold evils of the debtor’s prisons then in operation throughout Europe, today local courts using their civil contempt powers are permitted to imprison those of its unfortunate citizens who cannot pay their DSO’s. These are not “deadbeat dads” but ordinary hardworking people who wish to but simply cannot pay often because of circumstances beyond their control. High joblessness, slow wage growth, underemployment and plummeting home values are pushing more and more Americans deeper into debt in many cases making it impossible for them to do so. Serious illness may also strike, incapacitating the debtor. However, much like the inmates of the debtor’s prisons of yore, these individuals are unable to work while imprisoned and face great difficulty or impossibility in resuming their prior employment once released. Thus, paradoxically these draconian measures do little or nothing to foster the payment of DSO obligations and have minimal deterrent effect because these personal situations are for the most part unavoidable. Perhaps only slightly less self-defeating, many states such as Pennsylvania also authorize the suspension of driver’s licenses and/or professional or occupational licenses after a short period of DSO nonpayment. A Chapter 7 filing is useless against the collection, enforcement, or payment of DSO’s as there is no automatic stay of DSO’s. However, in contrast, a Chapter 13 proceeding can actually work to protect the debtor against DSO enforcement actions, including wage and tax return intercepts, and arrest or imprisonment, because all property acquired by the debtor is property of the bankruptcy estate. Thus, all actions to collect or enforce DSO’s will usually be halted by the filing of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Support payments may be temporarily stopped until the plan payment details are worked out as well. Once the plan is confirmed, DSO creditors are bound by it and the enforcement actions discussed above are impermissible under Section 362 (b) (2) (B) of the Code at least so long as the debtor continues to make DSO payments under the Chapter 13 plan. However, once the plan is confirmed, should the debtor fail to pay any post filing support payments, the debtor’s case may be dismissed or converted to a Chapter 7. See 11 USC 1307(c)(11).

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

Other attorneys playing the bankruptcy alphabet game:

D is for Deconsolidate

Law Offices of Christopher C. Carr, MBA, P.C., is a quality Chester County Bankruptcy Practice, located in Valley Township, west of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where Attorney Carr, who has over 30 years if diversified experience as an attorney, concentrates his practice on serving the residents of and businesses located within Western Chester County and Eastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, including the communities in and around Atglen, Bird in Hand, Caln, Christiana, Coatesville, Downingtown, Eagle, Exton, Fallowfield Gap, Honeybrook, Lancaster, Lincoln University, Modena, New Holland, Parkesburg, Paradise, Ronks, Sadsbury, Thorndale, Valley Township, Wagontown & West Chester, Pennsylvania. If you reside or do business in the area and need assistance with a legal issue, please call Mr. Carr at (610)380-7969 or write him at cccarresq@aol.com today!

I also provide Mortgage Mod Services.

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“B” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Business Bankruptcy” for Individuals Trying to Trying to Retain a Valuable Car

Dec5

in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Business Bankruptcy” for Individuals

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

The US Supreme Court has held that individual debtors may file under the provisions of Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. This can be very valuable for persons owning high value cars in certain circumstances.

In contrast to a typical consumer bankruptcy under Chapter 7 or 13 however, Chapter 11 is generally designed for business reorganization bankruptcies. Chapter 11 cases tend to be complicated, as well as confusing and expensive for the debtor and the rules are generally less appropriate and less favorable for the consumer. For example, unlike a Chapter 13 case, a Chapter 11 case may not be dismissed or converted to a Chapter 7 case as a matter of right by the debtor and creditors must generally vote on the plan.

It is advisable for a careful review to be performed by a bankruptcy attorney to ensure that a Chapter 11 is necessary as in the vast majority of cases a Chapter 11 will not be the correct choice for an individual.

But there is at least one very important circumstance under which an individual might choose an 11, one which may actually be very advantageous in the case of high cost rapidly depreciating automobiles. A debtor who seeks to cram down (reduce the debt to the present day fair market value of the collateral) a lien on an automobile will be limited by the 910 day rule. If the vehicle was purchased less than 910 days before filing the bankruptcy petition then the debtor cannot cram down the lien in a Chapter 13 plan. However, under Chapter 11, no such time requirement exists. Hence if the vehicle is worth less than the loan a motion to determine secured status may be in order. The bankruptcy court can then value the vehicle and the debtor can pay off the vehicle in the Chapter 11 plan. But unless the vehicle was highly valuable when purchased the high cost even of a typical Chapter 13 case will outweigh the benefit of the cram down.

Let’s take a look at the economics from the client’s point of view. The minimum cost to the client of a simple Chapter 11 is $10,000 plus $1,039 filing fee as compared to approximately $3,000-3,500 for a 13 plus $274 filing fee. It is well known that that most luxury automobiles lose approximately 15% per year in the early years of ownership (when the 910 day rule would prohibit a cram down in a 13) whereas the debtor may have paid only interest and no principal so far on the auto loan. At the 2 year mark a luxury car that sold for $80,000 might now be worth $66,000 but the debtor might still owe close to $80,000 assuming payments are up to date. Under this example, all else being equal, the debtor might well want to elect to do a Chapter 11 so as to be able to cram the car down to its blue book value and save a maximum $16,700 after net fees and costs are deducted. But now let’s say that the same hypothetical debtor owned a less prestigious vehicle with a purchase price of say $20,000. If after 2 years of ownership, if it could be crammed down to $14,000, the net cost of a Chapter 11 would be greater than the $6,000 savings generated. This individual, if possible under the circumstances, might want to wait out the full 910 days and declare a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. There are additional factors which may favor a Chapter 11 which are beyond the scope of this article. Again, a thorough review of the matter is strongly advised however.

Other attorneys playing the bankruptcy alphabet game (more “B” topics from consumer lawyers around the country):

Bad Faith Filing Miami Bankruptcy Attorney, Dorota Trzeciecka

Bank Account New York Bankruptcy Lawyer, Jay S. Fleischman

Bank Account Daniel J. Winter, Chicago Bankruptcy Attorney

Bank Account Levy Philadelphia Bankruptcy Lawyer, Raymond Kempinski

Bank Tips Wisconsin Bankruptcy Lawyer, Bret Nason

Bankruptcy Taylor Michigan Bankruptcy Lawyer, Christopher McAvoy

Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Livonia Michigan Bankruptcy Attorney, Peter Behrmann

Bankruptcy Estate Metro Richmond Consumer and Bankruptcy Attorney, Mitchell Goldstein

Bankruptcy Mill Chicago Bankruptcy Attorney, Kyle A. Lindsey

Bankruptcy Petition Preparers Colorado Springs Bankruptcy Attorney Bob Doig

Bankruptcy Petition Preparers Los Angeles Bankruptcy Law Monitor, Christine Wilton

Bankruptcy Timeline Pittsburgh Bankruptcy Attorney Shawn N. Wright

Bar Date Ormond Beach Bankruptcy Attorney, Lewis Roberts

Benefits of Chapter 13 Vermont-New Hampshire Bankruptcy Lawyer, Michelle Kainen

Best Efforts Test St. Louis, Missouri Bankruptcy Attorney, Nancy Martin

Best Interest of Creditors Honolulu Bankruptcy Attorney, Stuart Ing

Beware of these Credit Card Offers Marin County Bankruptcy and Consumer Attorney, Catherine Eranthe Bifurcate Tuscaloosa and Birmingham Bankruptcy Lawyer, Melinda Murphy Dionne

Borrow San Francisco Bankruptcy Attorney, Jeena Cho

Budget Columbus, Ohio Bankruptcy Attorney, Athena Inemboildis

Budget Birmingham Bankruptcy Attorney, Elizabeth Johnson

Budget Charlotte Bankruptcy Attorneys, Collum & Perry

Business Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska Bankruptcy Attorney, Ryan D. Caldwell

Business Northern California Bankruptcy Lawyer, Cathy Moran

Business & Individuals Philadelphia Suburban Bankruptcy Lawyer, Chris Carr

Business bankruptcy Los Angeles Bankruptcy Blog, Mark J. Markus

Businesses and Business Debt Newnan Georgia Bankruptcy Lawyer, Rick Palmer

Buy Low and Sell High Cleveland Area Bankruptcy Lawyer, Bill Balena

Bad Credit Houston Bankruptcy Attorneys, Busby & Associates

Law Offices of Christopher C. Carr, MBA, P.C., is a quality Chester County Bankruptcy Practice, located in Valley Township, west of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where Attorney Carr, who has over 30 years if diversified experience as an attorney, concentrates his practice on serving the residents of and businesses located within Western Chester County and Eastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, including the communities in and around Atglen, Bird in Hand, Caln, Christiana, Coatesville, Downingtown, Eagle, Exton, Fallowfield Gap, Honeybrook, Lancaster, Lincoln University, Modena, New Holland, Parkesburg, Paradise, Ronks, Sadsbury, Thorndale, Valley Township, Wagontown & West Chester, Pennsylvania. If you reside or do business in the area and need assistance with a legal issue, please call Mr. Carr at (610)380-7969 or write him at cccarresq@aol.com today!

I also provide Mortgage Modification Services.

I also provide Debt Settlement; IRS Tax Settlement & Mortgage Mod Services NATIONALLY.

The “A” in Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Alimony”

Dec4

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

One of the most disturbing changes in the Bankruptcy Code* enacted by Congress in 2005 for persons getting divorces and contracting marital debts is Section 523 (a) which states in effect that an alimony, support or maintenance obligation to an ex-spouse cannot be discharged in bankruptcy, but must be paid in full, with two limited exceptions:

If a divorce decree specifies that an obligation to a spouse is alimony, but the obligation is not actually in the nature of alimony, then the obligation can be discharged in bankruptcy.

For example, Joe Dentist and Mary Dentist enter into a divorce decree which states that Joe Dentist is to pay a marital debt to The Joe Dentist and Mary Dentist Professional Corporation, where both practice dentistry, and further specifies that the husband’s payment of the debt shall be treated as alimony. Joe Dentist may nonetheless be able to have this debt discharged in bankruptcy even though the divorce decree indicates that the payment of the debt is “alimony”, because such payments can be characterized as a capital contribution to the Professional Corporation and not as alimony.

2. Also, an ex-spouse may be able to discharge an alimony obligation if it has been assigned to a third party.

For example, suppose John and Mary Jones divorce. John Jones is ordered to pay Mary Jones alimony of $1,500.00 per month. John does not pay the alimony and Mary, who needs the money, assigns the right to collect alimony to her brother, Crusher Jones, who owns a profitable Junk Yard and feels the urge to pummel John. Crusher now gives Mary the $1,500.00 each and every month. Crusher now owns the right to collect the alimony from John. But John can escape the debt (if not the pummeling). The alimony obligation can be discharged under Section 523 since it has been voluntarily assigned by Mary.

*The United States Bankruptcy Code (Title 11 of the United States Code) states in Section 523 that:

(a) A discharge under Section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt . . . (5) to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor, for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of such spouse or child, in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record, determination made in accordance with State or territorial law by a governmental unit, or property settlement agreement, but not to the extent that (A) such debt is assigned to another entity, voluntarily, by operation of law, or otherwise (other than debts assigned pursuant to § 402(a)(26) of the Social Security Act, or any such debt which has been assigned to the Federal Government or to a State or any political subdivision of such State); or

(B) such debt includes a liability designation as alimony, maintenance, or support, unless such liability is actually in the nature of alimony, maintenance or support . . . .

(enphasis added).

I also provide Mortgage Mod Services .

For other articles on the letter A in the bankruptcy alphabet series, click here.

Other attorneys playing their “Bankruptcy A Game” include:

A is for Contract Assumption

A is for Adversary Proceeding

A is for Automatic Stay

A is for Automobiles

A is for Avoidance of Preferential Transfers

A is for Avoidance

Law Offices of Christopher C. Carr, MBA, P.C., is a quality Chester County Bankruptcy Practice, located in Valley Township, west of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where Attorney Carr, who has over 30 years if diversified experience as an attorney, concentrates his practice on serving the residents of and businesses located within Western Chester County and Eastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, including the communities in and around Atglen, Bird in Hand, Caln, Christiana, Coatesville, Downingtown, Eagle, Exton, Fallowfield Gap, Honeybrook, Lancaster, Lincoln University, Modena, New Holland, Parkesburg, Paradise, Ronks, Sadsbury, Thorndale, Valley Township, Wagontown & West Chester, Pennsylvania. If you reside or do business in the area and need assistance with a legal issue, please call Mr. Carr at (610)380-7969 or write him at cccarresq@aol.com today!

I also provide Debt Settlement; IRS Tax Settlement & Mortgage Mod Services NATIONALLY.

Photo Credit: Too Far North

Christopher Carr, Esq. on Debt Relief

A Frank Discussion of Debtor's Rights & Consumer Bankruptcy

Monthly Archives: December 2011

I is for “IRA” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet Game (New IRA Exemption )

is for “IRA” (and 401k’s) in Bankruptcy. How they can help (or hurt) you.

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

Other lawyers in the bankruptcy alphabet game:

The H in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Honesty” and Fraud Avoidance.

is for Honesty

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

For other articles in the nationwide bankruptcy ABC’s series check out these attorneys:

G in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Garnishment”: Will Bankruptcy Help?

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

“O” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Options” to Bankruptcy

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Website:westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

The “F” in Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Failure” (and “Fresh Starts” in Bankruptcy)

is for Failure and “Fresh Starts” in Bankruptcy {Perhaps also for “Favorite” because of all the articles I have written, this is my favorite”}

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

“E” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Eviction”

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

5 Things You Should Avoid If In Debt

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

“D” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Domestic Support Obligation”

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

“B” in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Business Bankruptcy” for Individuals Trying to Trying to Retain a Valuable Car

in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Business Bankruptcy” for Individuals

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

The “A” in Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Alimony”

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

is for “IRA” (and 401k’s) in Bankruptcy. How they can help (or hurt) you.

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney. Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

Other lawyers in the bankruptcy alphabet game:

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is for Honesty

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney. Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

For other articles in the nationwide bankruptcy ABC’s series check out these attorneys:

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By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney. Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

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By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney.

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Website:westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Rate this:

is for Failure and “Fresh Starts” in Bankruptcy {Perhaps also for “Favorite” because of all the articles I have written, this is my favorite”}

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney.

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Rate this:

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy attorney.

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Rate this:

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Rate this:

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: westchesterbankruptcyattorney.org

Rate this:

in the Bankruptcy Alphabet is for “Business Bankruptcy” for Individuals

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

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By Christopher C. Carr, Esq., Chester County Bankruptcy Lawyer

Rate this:

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.* Tel: 610-380-7969 Email: cccarresq@aol.com Web: christopherccarrlaw.com

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*

By Christopher C. Carr, Esq. Chester County bankruptcy* attorney.*